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NEW QUESTION # 68
With regard to the Cloud Control Matrix (CCM), the 'Architectural Relevance' is a feature that enables the filtering of security controls by:
- A. relevant architecture frameworks such as the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model, the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF), The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), and the Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture.
- B. relevant architectural paradigms such as Client-Server, Mainframe, Peer-to-Peer, and SmartClient-Backend.
- C. relevant architectural components such as Physical, Network, Compute, Storage, Application, and Data.
- D. relevant delivery models such as Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, Infrastructure as a Service.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 69
Transparent data encryption is used for:
- A. data in random access memory (RAM).
- B. data currently being processed.
- C. data across communication channels.
- D. data and log files at rest
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Transparent data encryption (TDE) is used for data and log files at rest. This means that TDE encrypts the database files on the disk and decrypts them when they are read into memory. TDE protects the data from unauthorized access or theft if the physical media, such as drives or backup tapes, are stolen or lost. TDE does not encrypt data across communication channels, data currently being processed, or data in random access memory (RAM). These types of data require different encryption methods, such as SSL/TLS, column encryption, or memory encryption12.
References:
Transparent data encryption (TDE) - SQL Server | Microsoft Learn
Transparent Data Encryption - Oracle Help Center
NEW QUESTION # 70
What is true of security as it relates to cloud network infrastructure?
- A. You should always open traffic between workloads in the same virtual subnet for better visibility.
- B. You should implement a default allow with cloud firewalls and then restrict as necessary.
- C. You should deploy your cloud firewalls identical to the existing firewalls.
- D. You should applycloud firewalls on a per-network basis.
- E. You should implement a default deny with cloud firewalls.
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 71
Which of the following cloud models prohibits penetration testing?
- A. Private Cloud
- B. Public Cloud
- C. Hybrid Cloud
- D. Community Cloud
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which of the following BEST ensures adequate restriction on the number of people who can access the pipeline production environment?
- A. Role-based access controls in the production and development pipelines.
- B. Periodic review of the Cl/CD pipeline audit logs to identify any access violations.
- C. Ensuring segregation of duties in the production and development pipelines.
- D. Separation of production and development pipelines.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 73
As Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) cloud service providers often do not allow the cloud service customers to perform on-premise audits, the BEST approach for the auditor should be to:
- A. refrain from auditing the provider's security controls due to lack of cooperation.
- B. use other sources of available data for evaluating the customer's controls.
- C. recommend that the customer not use the services provided by the provider.
- D. escalate the lack of support from the provider to the regulatory authority.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In situations where Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud service providers do not permit on-premise audits, auditors must adapt by utilizing alternative sources of data to evaluate the customer's controls. This can include using automated tools, third-party certifications, and other forms of assurance provided by the service provider. This approach ensures that the auditor can still assess the security posture and compliance of the cloud services without direct physical access to the provider's infrastructure.
References = The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) provides guidelines on effective cloud auditing practices, including the use of alternative data sources when on-premise audits are not feasible1. Additionally, discussions on the Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) highlight the importance of adapting audit strategies to the cloud environment2.
NEW QUESTION # 74
Which of the following is the reason for designing the Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ)?
- A. Cloud users can use CAIQ to sign statement of work (SOW) with cloud access security brokers (CASBs).
- B. Cloud service providers can document roles and responsibilities for cloud security.
- C. Cloud service providers need the CAIQ to improve quality of customer service
- D. Cloud service providers can document their security and compliance controls.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The reason for designing the Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ) is to help cloud service providers document their security and compliance controls. The CAIQ is a survey provided by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) that consists of a set of yes/no questions that correspond to the controls of the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM), which is a cybersecurity framework for cloud computing. The CAIQ allows cloud service providers to demonstrate their security posture and compliance status to potential customers and auditors, as well as to identify any gaps or risks that need to be addressed. The CAIQ also enables cloud customers to assess the security capabilities of different cloud service providers and compare them based on their needs and requirements123.
The other options are not directly related to the question. Option A, cloud users can use CAIQ to sign statement of work (SOW) with cloud access security brokers (CASBs), is incorrect because CAIQ is not a contract or an agreement, but a questionnaire that provides information about the security controls of a cloud service provider. A statement of work (SOW) is a document that defines the scope, deliverables, and terms of a project or service. A cloud access security broker (CASB) is a software tool or service that acts as an intermediary between cloud users and cloud service providers, providing visibility, data security, threat protection, and compliance4. Option B, cloud service providers can document roles and responsibilities for cloud security, is incorrect because CAIQ is not designed to document roles and responsibilities, but security and compliance controls. Roles and responsibilities for cloud security are defined by the shared responsibility model, which outlines how the security tasks and obligations are divided between the cloud service provider and the cloud customer5. Option D, cloud service providers need the CAIQ to improve quality of customer service, is incorrect because CAIQ is not a measure of customer service quality, but a measure of security control transparency. Customer service quality refers to how well a cloud service provider meets or exceeds the expectations and satisfaction of its customers6. References :=
* What is CASB? - Cloud Security Alliance4
* What is CAIQ? | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance1
* Shared Responsibility Model - Cloud Security Alliance5
* What is CAIQ? - Panorays2
* What is the Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ ...3
* What Is Customer Service Quality? - Salesforce.com
NEW QUESTION # 75
What legal documents should be provided to the auditors in relation to risk management?
- A. Policies and procedures established around third-party risk assessments
- B. Enterprise cloud strategy and policy
- C. Inventory of third-party attestation reports
- D. Contracts and service level agreements (SLAs) of cloud service providers
Answer: D
Explanation:
Contracts and SLAs are legal documents that define the roles, responsibilities, expectations, and obligations of both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud customer. They also specify the terms and conditions for service delivery, performance, availability, security, compliance, data protection, incident response, dispute resolution, liability, and termination. An auditor should review these documents to assess the alignment of the CSP's services with the customer's business requirements and risk appetite, as well as to identify any gaps or inconsistencies that may pose legal risks. References:
* ISACA, Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, 2021, p. 35-36
* Cloud Security Alliance (CSA), Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) v4.0, 2021, GRM-01: Contracts and SLAs
NEW QUESTION # 76
Which of the following is NOT a cloud computing characteristic that impacts incidence response?
- A. The on demand self-service nature of cloud computing environments.
- B. The possibility of data crossing geographic or jurisdictional boundaries.
- C. The resource pooling practiced by cloud services, in addition to the rapid elasticity offered by cloud infrastructures.
- D. Object-based storage in a private cloud.
- E. Privacy concerns for co-tenants regarding the collection and analysis of telemetry and artifacts associated with an incident.
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 77
Which of the following can be used to determine whether access keys are stored in the source code or any other configuration files during development?
- A. Vulnerability scanning
- B. Credential scanning
- C. Dynamic code review
- D. Static code review
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Credential scanning is a technique that can be used to detect and prevent the exposure of access keys and other sensitive information in the source code or any other configuration files during development. Credential scanning tools can scan the code repositories, files, and commits for any hardcoded credentials, such as access keys, passwords, tokens, certificates, and connection strings. They can also alert the developers or security teams of any potential leaks and suggest remediation actions, such as rotating or revoking the compromised keys, removing the credentials from the code, or using secure storage mechanisms like vaults or environment variables. Credential scanning can be integrated into the development pipeline as part of the continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) process, or performed periodically as a security audit. Credential scanning can help reduce the risk of credential leakage, which can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, or account compromise. References:
Protecting Source Code in the Cloud with DSPM
Best practices for managing service account keys
Protect your code repository
NEW QUESTION # 78
Which of the following would be the GREATEST governance challenge to an organization where production is hosted in a public cloud and backups are held on the premises?
- A. Aligning the cloud service delivery with the organization's objectives
- B. Aligning the cloud provider's service level agreement (SLA) with the organization's policy
- C. Aligning the organization's activity with the cloud provider's policy
- D. Aligning shared responsibilities between provider and customer
Answer: D
Explanation:
The greatest governance challenge in the scenario where production is hosted in a public cloud and backups are held on-premises is aligning the shared responsibilities between the provider and the customer. This is because the division of security and compliance duties must be clearly understood and managed to ensure that all aspects of the cloud services are adequately protected and meet regulatory requirements. The customer is responsible for the security 'in' the cloud (i.e., the data and applications), while the provider is responsible for the security 'of' the cloud (i.e., the infrastructure). Misalignment in this shared responsibility model can lead to gaps in security and compliance, making it a significant governance challenge.
References = This answer is verified by the information available in the Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) documents and related resources provided by ISACA and the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA), which discuss the shared responsibility model and its implications for governance in cloud environments12.
NEW QUESTION # 79
Which of the following should be an assurance requirement when an organization is migrating to a Software as a Service (SaaS) provider?
- A. Type of network technology
- B. Location of data
- C. Access controls
- D. Amount of server storage
Answer: C
Explanation:
Access controls are an assurance requirement when an organization is migrating to a SaaS provider because they ensure that only authorized users can access the cloud services and data. Access controls also help to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the cloud resources. Access controls are part of the Cloud Control Matrix (CCM) domain IAM-01: Identity and Access Management Policy and Procedures, which states that "The organization should have a policy and procedures to manage user identities and access to cloud services and data."1 References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 4: A Threat Analysis Methodology for Cloud Using CCM, page 751
NEW QUESTION # 80
If the degree of verification for information shared with the auditor during an audit is low, the auditor should:
- A. delve deeper to obtain the required information to decide conclusively.
- B. reject the information as audit evidence.
- C. use professional judgment to determine the degree of reliance that can be placed on the information as evidence.
- D. stop evaluating the requirement altogether and review other audit areas.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 81
An organization has an ISMS implemented, following ISO 27001 and Annex A controls. The CIO would like to migrate some of the infrastructure to the cloud. Which of the following standards would BEST assist in identifying controls to consider for this migration?
- A. ISO/IEC 27002
- B. ISO/IEC 22301
- C. ISO/IEC 27017
- D. ISO/IEC 27701
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
ISO/IEC 27017 standard defines the requirements for an information security management system (ISMS).
Note that the entire organization is not necessarily affected by the standard, because it all depends on the scope of the ISMS. The scope could be limited by the provider to one group within an organization, and there is no guarantee that any group outside of the scope has appropriate ISMSs in place. It is up to the auditor to verify that the scope of the engagement is "fit for purpose." As the customer, you are responsible for determining whether the scope of the certification is relevant for your purposes.
NEW QUESTION # 82
When developing a cloud compliance program, what is the PRIMARY reason for a cloud customer
- A. To determine the total cost of the cloud services to be deployed
- B. To confirm whether the compensating controls implemented are sufficient for the cloud services
- C. To determine how those services will fit within its policies and procedures
- D. To confirm which vendor will be selected based on compliance with security requirements
Answer: C
Explanation:
When developing a cloud compliance program, the primary reason for a cloud customer to determine how those services will fit within its policies and procedures is to ensure that the cloud services are aligned with the customer's business objectives, risk appetite, and compliance obligations. Cloud services may have different characteristics, features, and capabilities than traditional on-premises services, and may require different or additional controls to meet the customer's security and compliance requirements. Therefore, the customer needs to assess how the cloud services will fit within its existing policies and procedures, such as data classification, data protection, access management, incident response, audit, and reporting. The customer also needs to identify any gaps or conflicts between the cloud services and its policies and procedures, and implement appropriate measures to address them. By doing so, the customer can ensure that the cloud services are used in a secure, compliant, and effective manner12.
References:
* ISACA, Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, 2021, p. 19-20.
* Cloud Compliance Frameworks: What You Need to Know
NEW QUESTION # 83
Which of the following is MOST important to manage risk from cloud vendors who might accidentally introduce unnecessary risk to an organization by adding new features to their solutions?
- A. Establishing responsibility in the vendor contract
- B. Deploying new features using cloud orchestration tools
- C. Performing prior due diligence of the vendor
- D. Implementing service level agreements (SLAs) around changes to baseline configurations
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Implementing service level agreements (SLAs) around changes to baseline configurations is the most important way to manage risk from cloud vendors who might accidentally introduce unnecessary risk to an organization by adding new features to their solutions. A service level agreement (SLA) is a contract or a part of a contract that defines the expected level of service, performance, and quality that a cloud vendor will provide to an organization. An SLA can also specify the roles and responsibilities, the communication channels, the escalation procedures, and the penalties or remedies for non-compliance12.
Implementing SLAs around changes to baseline configurations can help an organization to manage the risk from cloud vendors who might add new features to their solutions without proper testing, validation, or notification. Baseline configurations are the standard or reference settings for a system or a network that are used to measure and maintain its security and performance. Changes to baseline configurations can introduce new vulnerabilities, errors, or incompatibilities that can affect the functionality, availability, or security of the system or network34. Therefore, an SLA can help an organization to ensure that the cloud vendor follows a change management process that includes steps such as risk assessment, impact analysis, approval, documentation, notification, testing, and rollback. An SLA can also help an organization to monitor and verify the changes made by the cloud vendor and to report and resolve any issues or incidents that may arise from them.
The other options are not the most effective ways to manage the risk from cloud vendors who might add new features to their solutions. Option A, deploying new features using cloud orchestration tools, is not a good way to manage the risk because cloud orchestration tools are used to automate and coordinate the deployment and management of complex cloud services and resources. Cloud orchestration tools do not address the issue of whether the new features added by the cloud vendor are necessary, secure, or compatible with the organization's system or network. Option B, performing prior due diligence of the vendor, is not a good way to manage the risk because prior due diligence is a process that involves evaluating and verifying the background, reputation, capabilities, and compliance of a potential cloud vendor before entering into a contract with them. Prior due diligence does not address the issue of how the cloud vendor will handle changes to their solutions after the contract is signed. Option C, establishing responsibility in the vendor contract, is not a good way to manage the risk because establishing responsibility in the vendor contract is a process that involves defining and assigning the roles and obligations of both parties in relation to the cloud service delivery and performance. Establishing responsibility in the vendor contract does not address the issue of how the cloud vendor will communicate and coordinate with the organization about changes to their solutions. References := What is an SLA? Best practices for service-level agreements | CIO1 Service Level Agreements - Cloud Security Alliance2 What is Baseline Configuration? - Definition from Techopedia3 Baseline Configuration - Cloud Security Alliance4 Change Management - Cloud Security Alliance Incident Response - Cloud Security Alliance What is Cloud Orchestration? - Definition from Techopedia Due Diligence - Cloud Security Alliance Contractual Security Requirements - Cloud Security Alliance
NEW QUESTION # 84
Which of the following cloud environments should be a concern to an organization s cloud auditor?
- A. The cloud service provider s data center is more than 100 miles away.
- B. The organization entirely depends on several proprietary Software as a Service (SaaS) applications.
- C. The failover region of the cloud service provider is on another continent
- D. The technical team is trained on only one vendor Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) platform, but the organization has subscribed to another vendor's laaS platform as an alternative.
Answer: D
Explanation:
This situation poses a significant concern for a cloud auditor because it indicates a potential gap in the technical team's ability to effectively manage and secure the IaaS platform provided by the alternative vendor.
Without proper training on the specific features, security practices, and operational procedures of the new platform, the organization may face increased risks of misconfiguration, security vulnerabilities, and inefficiencies in cloud operations. It is crucial for the technical team to have a comprehensive understanding of all platforms in use to ensure they can maintain the security and performance standards required for a robust cloud environment.
References = The concern is based on common cloud auditing challenges, such as controlling and monitoring user access, and ensuring the IT team is equipped to manage the cloud environment effectively12. Additionally, best practices suggest that network segmentation, user authentication, and access control are critical areas to address in a cloud audit3. These principles are widely recognized in the field of cloud security and compliance.
NEW QUESTION # 85
Which of the following is the GREATEST risk associated with hidden interdependencies between cloud services?
- A. The IT department does not clearly articulate the cloud to the organization.
- B. Cloud services are very complicated.
- C. Customers do not understand cloud technologies in enough detail.
- D. There is a lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The greatest risk associated with hidden interdependencies between cloud services is the lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain. Hidden interdependencies are the complex and often unknown relationships and dependencies between different cloud services, providers, sub-providers, and customers.
These interdependencies can create challenges and risks for the security, availability, performance, and compliance of the cloud services and data. For example, a failure or breach in one cloud service can affect other cloud services that depend on it, or a change in one cloud provider's policy or contract can impact other cloud providers or customers that rely on it.12 The lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain means that the customers do not have enough information or control over how their cloud services and data are delivered, managed, and protected by the providers and their sub-providers. This can expose the customers to various threats and vulnerabilities, such as data breaches, data loss, service outages, compliance violations, legal disputes, or contractual conflicts.
The customers may also face difficulties in monitoring, auditing, or verifying the security and compliance status of their cloud services and data across the supply chain. Therefore, it is important for the customers to understand the hidden interdependencies between cloud services and to establish clear and transparent agreements with their cloud providers and sub-providers regarding their roles, responsibilities, expectations, and obligations.3 References := How to identify and map service dependencies - Gremlin1; Mitigate Risk for Data Center Network Migration - Cisco2; Practical Guide to Cloud Service Agreements Version 2.03; HIDDEN INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL ...
NEW QUESTION # 86
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ISACA CCAK (Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge) Exam is a professional certification designed for individuals seeking to validate their knowledge and skills in cloud auditing. CCAK exam is developed by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), a globally recognized organization known for its expertise in information security, governance, and auditing. The CCAK certification is designed to help professionals demonstrate their competency in cloud auditing and ensure they have the necessary knowledge to assess and manage risks associated with cloud-based systems.
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